{"id":5209,"date":"2026-06-20T15:18:56","date_gmt":"2026-06-20T13:18:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/?p=5209"},"modified":"2026-06-20T15:19:16","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T13:19:16","slug":"reportaz-zo-sachsenhausen-o-tom-ako-grune-nakreslil-peklo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/reportaz-zo-sachsenhausen-o-tom-ako-grune-nakreslil-peklo\/","title":{"rendered":"Report\u00e1\u017e zo Sachsenhausen: O tom, ako Grune nakreslil peklo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Autor: Robert Pakan<\/strong><\/strong> \/ FOTO: Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum (arch\u00edv)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Text sme prv\u00fd raz publikovali v \u010d\u00edsle Jar 2026<\/em>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1\u010dam vlhkou jese\u0148ou cez \u0161ed\u00fd Appellplatz<\/em> koncentra\u010dn\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora Sachsenhausen. \u0160trk mi v\u0155zga pod nohami, k\u00fdm prech\u00e1dzame popri t\u00fdch najpotupnej\u0161\u00edch, stroh\u00fdch dreven\u00fdch barakoch. Kedysi boli ur\u010den\u00e9 v\u00fdlu\u010dne pre homosexu\u00e1lnych mu\u017eov \u2013 t\u00fa \u00faplne najni\u017e\u0161iu kastu v brut\u00e1lnej t\u00e1borovej hierarchii. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nie je v tom \u017eiadna temn\u00e1 po\u00e9zia, len surov\u00e1, in\u017einierska chladnos\u0165 miesta, z ktor\u00e9ho sa priemyselne riadilo vyhladzovanie. Som tu dnes s jasn\u00fdm cie\u013eom: z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ujem sa v\u00f4bec prvej, pilotnej prehliadky t\u00e1bora zameranej v\u00fdlu\u010dne na gejsk\u00e9 v\u00e4zenstvo a osudy mu\u017eov s ru\u017eov\u00fdm trojuholn\u00edkom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vtom mi vo vrecku zavibruje telef\u00f3n. Vol\u00e1 Sandra Polovkov\u00e1, riadite\u013eka Post Bellum SK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdvihnem to. Namiesto pozdravu sa v sl\u00fachadle ozve jej nap\u00e4t\u00fd hlas: \u201eAko sa c\u00edti\u0161?\u201c Zastav\u00edm na vlhkom \u0161trku. Nech\u00e1pem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u010co, ako sa c\u00edtim?\u201c <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eTy to nevie\u0161?\u201c p\u00fdta sa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u010co neviem?\u201c <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1tke ticho. A potom povie: \u201eOni to zmenili… \u00fastavu… zmenili.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V nieko\u013ek\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch mi zhrnie, \u010do sa pr\u00e1ve udialo doma. Slovensk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 rada prijala novelu \u00dastavy. Do najvy\u0161\u0161ieho z\u00e1kona \u0161t\u00e1tu zabet\u00f3novali, \u017ee existuj\u00fa len dve pohlavia \u2013 mu\u017e a \u017eena. Prijali absol\u00fatny z\u00e1kaz surog\u00e1tneho materstva a pridali \u201epr\u00e1vo die\u0165a\u0165a pozna\u0165 svojich rodi\u010dov\u201c, \u010do je len in\u0161titucion\u00e1lny preklad nariadenia, \u017ee matkou je v\u00fdlu\u010dne \u017eena a otcom v\u00fdlu\u010dne mu\u017e. Osvoji\u0165 die\u0165a si po novom m\u00f4\u017eu len zosob\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 p\u00e1ry. A aby bol v\u00fdmaz dokonan\u00fd, dali rodi\u010dom pr\u00e1vo vetova\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek \u0161kolsk\u00fa v\u00fdu\u010dbu o int\u00edmnom \u017eivote a sexu\u00e1lnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed. Queer \u013eudia a ich rodiny prestali v o\u010diach \u0161t\u00e1tu existova\u0165. Tento \u0161krt cynicky zabalili do s t\u00fdm nes\u00favisiaceho zaru\u010denia rovnosti platov medzi mu\u017emi a \u017eenami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zlo\u017e\u00edm telef\u00f3n. \u0160e\u010f a mrzkos\u0165 tohto miesta odrazu exponenci\u00e1lne vzrast\u00fa. Naraz\u00ed do m\u0148a \u0165a\u017eiv\u00e1 bezmocnos\u0165. Bezmocnos\u0165 \u00fateku pred vlastnou identitou z krajiny, ktor\u00e1 \u0165a prenasleduje, vyh\u00e1\u0148a, nen\u00e1vid\u00ed a cez svoje najvy\u0161\u0161ie z\u00e1kony proti tebe op\u00e4\u0165 \u0161tve masy. Ten paradox ma fyzicky zasiahne: k\u00fdm tu, v Nemecku, kr\u00e1\u010dam na prehliadke, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 queer obete po desa\u0165ro\u010diach kone\u010dne vytiahnu\u0165 z historick\u00e9ho ticha, m\u00f4j vlastn\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t ma v tej istej sekunde z mapy spolo\u010dnosti vygumoval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po prehliadke mraziv\u00e9ho exteri\u00e9ru n\u00e1s historik berie aj mimo be\u017en\u00fdch tr\u00e1s. Vch\u00e1dzame do depozit\u00e1ra. Je to steriln\u00e9, pr\u00edsne chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 miesto, kde s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 artefakty, diela a s\u00fakromn\u00e9 veci v\u00e4z\u0148ov, ktor\u00e9 pre be\u017en\u00fdch n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkov nie s\u00fa v\u00f4bec pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 na nahliadnutie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dost\u00e1vame sa do miestnosti plnej obrazov, zavesen\u00fdch ako bielize\u0148 na \u0161n\u00fare. Tu aj na druhej strane v obrovsk\u00fdch plechov\u00fdch skriniach na ko\u013eajni\u010dk\u00e1ch s\u00fa d\u00f4kladne poukladan\u00e9 a chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 kresby, origin\u00e1lne umeleck\u00e9 v\u00fdpovede a svedectv\u00e1 nemeck\u00e9ho grafika Richarda Gruneho. Mu\u017ea s ru\u017eov\u00fdm trojuholn\u00edkom, absolventa weimarsk\u00e9ho Bauhausu, ktor\u00e9ho uvrhli do pekla Paragrafu 175. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historik v bielych rukaviciach opatrne ot\u00e1\u010da jednotliv\u00e9 litografie. S\u00fa to dr\u00e1sav\u00e9 report\u00e1\u017ee zaznamenan\u00e9 uhl\u00edkom: Pr\u00fcgelstrafe im KZ<\/em> (Trest palicovan\u00edm): \u0161tyria robustn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia na nej bij\u00fa mu\u017ea prip\u00fatan\u00e9ho k drevenej koze. Z papiera priam s\u00e1la zobrazenie sadistick\u00e9ho pote\u0161enia z tr\u00fdznenia a absol\u00fatnej, bezn\u00e1dejnej asymetrie moci. Begging for Food<\/em> (Prosenie o jedlo): vyziabnut\u00ed v\u00e4zni sa plazia pri noh\u00e1ch usmievaj\u00faceho sa str\u00e1\u017ecu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grune tu majstrovsky a desivo zachytil priepastn\u00fd kontrast medzi d\u00e9monickou silou dozorcu a \u00faplnou dehumaniz\u00e1ciou obete. Chained Prisoner on a Pole <\/em>(Prip\u00fatan\u00fd v\u00e4ze\u0148 na st\u013ape): telo v\u00e4z\u0148a visiace za ruky v bolestivom k\u0155\u010di. Je to chladn\u00e1, presn\u00e1 dokument\u00e1cia brut\u00e1lnej met\u00f3dy mu\u010denia \u201ena st\u013ap\u201c, pri ktorej \u013eu\u010fom praskali ramenn\u00e9 k\u013aby. A nakoniec Solidarity<\/em> (Solidarita): dielo, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e1s don\u00fati zadr\u017ea\u0165 dych. Jeden v\u00e4ze\u0148 podopiera padaj\u00faceho druha. V tom surovom priestore plnom smrti je to odrazu oslava milenectva a bl\u00edzkosti medzi mu\u017emi ako jedin\u00e9ho mo\u017en\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu pre\u017eitia v syst\u00e9me, ktor\u00fd ich chcel vymaza\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto \u010diary nenakreslil len tak niekto. Richarda zatkli, preto\u017ee si ist\u00e1 princezn\u00e1 na jeho s\u00fakromnom berl\u00ednskom ve\u010dierku v roku 1934 urobila zoznam queer host\u00ed a s \u00fasmevom ich udala gestapu. Ocitol sa tu, v Sachsenhausene. A v apr\u00edli 1945 sa mu napokon podarilo z pochodu smrti utiec\u0165. Pre\u017eil. No tu prich\u00e1dza moment, pre ktor\u00fd slovo \u201eoslobodenie\u201c pre mu\u017eov s ru\u017eov\u00fdm trojuholn\u00edkom str\u00e1ca ak\u00fdko\u013evek zmysel. Ke\u010f sa vojna skon\u010dila a svet oslavoval, Spojenci d\u00f4sledne zru\u0161ili rasov\u00e9 z\u00e1kony, no nacistick\u00fa, brut\u00e1lne spr\u00edsnen\u00fa verziu Paragrafu 175 namieren\u00fa proti homosexu\u00e1lom nechali v platnosti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u010f fyzicky zni\u010den\u00fd Richard s t\u00fdmito kresbami predst\u00fapil pred \u00farady a po\u017eiadal o od\u0161kodnenie, nov\u00e9, demokratick\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00e9 Nemecko ho chladne odmietlo. Pod\u013ea \u0161t\u00e1tu toti\u017e nebol obe\u0165ou tyranie, ale riadne ods\u00faden\u00fdm sodomistom, krimin\u00e1lnikom. Bol p\u00e1chate\u013eom len za svoju identitu. Neubl\u00ed\u017eil in\u00e9mu \u010dloveku, neukradol majetok. Jeho \u201ezlo\u010dinom\u201c bolo len to, \u017ee existoval, a tie\u017e to, koho miloval. A t\u00e1to povojnov\u00e1 \u201eslobodn\u00e1\u201c spolo\u010dnos\u0165 mu ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee desa\u0165 rokov v Sachsenhausene nebola nespravodlivos\u0165, ale legit\u00edmny trest. Aby bola absurdita dokonan\u00e1, t\u00e1to obe\u0165 pre\u017eila nielen SS, ale nesk\u00f4r ho nemeck\u00e1 demokracia pre jeho homosexualitu zatkla znovu. Znova ho vliekli na v\u00fdsluchy, op\u00e4\u0165 ho zbavili slobody. A ke\u010f v Kieli vystavil tieto diela, na ktor\u00e9 sa teraz v depozit\u00e1ri d\u00edvam, vandali mu ich pod r\u00fa\u0161kom noci rozbili. Demokratick\u00e1 krajina mu tak odk\u00e1zala to ist\u00e9, \u010do nacistick\u00e1: \u201eN\u00e1\u0161 z\u00e1kon \u0165a nevid\u00ed a nechr\u00e1ni \u0165a.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard zomrel v roku 1984, na sklonku \u017eivota pracoval ako oby\u010dajn\u00fd stavebn\u00fd robotn\u00edk. V\u00fdtvarn\u00ed kritici pri sk\u00faman\u00ed jeho pr\u00e1c z konca \u017eivota narazili na desiv\u00fd detail: jeho postavy sa extr\u00e9mne zmen\u0161ili, sotva na ve\u013ekos\u0165 po\u0161tovej zn\u00e1mky. A kreslil ich v\u00fdlu\u010dne na sam\u00fd okraj papiera. Stred pl\u00e1tna nech\u00e1val mrazivo pr\u00e1zdny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Presne tam ho toti\u017e \u0161t\u00e1t, z\u00e1kony a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vytla\u010dili. Na okraj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stoj\u00edm v depozit\u00e1ri obklopen\u00fd arch\u00edvnymi \u0161katu\u013eami a des\u00edm sa toho, \u010do sa pr\u00e1ve schv\u00e1lilo doma v parlamente. Zmeny slovenskej \u00fastavy nie s\u00fa Paragraf 175 a nep\u00ed\u0161e sa rok 1934. Ne\u010dakaj\u00fa n\u00e1s tehelne. Ale t\u00e1 cynick\u00e1 mechanika in\u0161titucion\u00e1lneho vytl\u00e1\u010dania na okraj je absol\u00fatne identick\u00e1. Ke\u010f v\u00e1m \u0161t\u00e1t zoberie pr\u00e1vo na rodinu, zak\u00e1\u017ee o v\u00e1s u\u010di\u0165 a \u00fastavne v\u00e1s znevidite\u013en\u00ed, st\u00e1vate sa krimin\u00e1lnikom za svoju identitu. Samotn\u00e1 va\u0161a existencia je z\u00e1konom definovan\u00e1 ako nie\u010do, pred \u010d\u00edm treba v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu chr\u00e1ni\u0165 a \u010do treba vytesni\u0165 do tmy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Grune nakreslil postavi\u010dky na okraj, lebo ho tam don\u00fatili \u017ei\u0165. Op\u00fa\u0161\u0165am Sachsenhausen a viem  jedno. \u00datek pred t\u00fdmto neexistuje. M\u00f4\u017eete prekro\u010di\u0165 hranice, no pocit legislat\u00edvneho vyhnanstva p\u00f4jde s vami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Autor: Robert Pakan \/ FOTO: Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum (arch\u00edv) Text sme prv\u00fd raz publikovali v \u010d\u00edsle Jar 2026 Kr\u00e1\u010dam vlhkou jese\u0148ou cez \u0161ed\u00fd Appellplatz koncentra\u010dn\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora Sachsenhausen. \u0160trk mi v\u0155zga pod nohami, k\u00fdm prech\u00e1dzame popri t\u00fdch najpotupnej\u0161\u00edch, stroh\u00fdch dreven\u00fdch barakoch. Kedysi boli ur\u010den\u00e9 v\u00fdlu\u010dne pre homosexu\u00e1lnych mu\u017eov \u2013 t\u00fa \u00faplne najni\u017e\u0161iu kastu v brut\u00e1lnej …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":5273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[266,144,159],"class_list":["post-5209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezaradene","tag-from-qys","tag-queer-dejiny","tag-queer-kultura"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5209","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5209"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5209\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5275,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5209\/revisions\/5275"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5209"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5209"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/duhovyrok.sk\/qys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5209"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}